For insects the local interactions can be of two types
1 Direct interaction
this may be exchange of food, chemical substances, visual contact or pheromones.
Eg ants use pheromones for interaction. Birds use visual contact when flying in a flock to maintain their velocity with respect to other birds.
2 Indirect interaction
Individual behavior modifies the environment, which in turn modifies the behavior of other individuals.
Eg such interactions can be seen in case of termites when building a bridge.
There are a lot of real world examples for swarm. Colony of Ants, bees, flock of birds, school of fishes.
3 BOIDS
However one of the most beautiful findings of this field is a very simple algorithm known as boids, which models flocking behaviour in nature. This algorithm was invented by computer animator Craig Reynolds.
The algorithm models the behaviour of flocking animals (eg. birds) by simple rules which describe only the behaviour of individuals. The basic flocking model consists of three simple steering behaviors which describe how an individual boid maneuvers based on the positions and velocities its nearby flockmates:
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